The Tin Cup Militia and Morgan’s Raid

 Captain D. L. Wood’s world had been turned upside down. In July, 1863 he had a Civil War desk job as a mustering officer at Camp Marietta (also called "Camp Putnam"). Suddenly he was leading two companies of mostly untrained militia to fortify a river crossing ("ford") at Buffington Island, 40 miles down river. Why?

     Marietta has been spared the horrors of war in its own backyard. War came close during Morgan's Raid in the Civil War (aka "The War of Rebellion," or in Southerners' understated phrasing, "The Recent Unpleasantness"). In July, 1863 General John Hunt Morgan led 2,500 cavalry on an unauthorized (yes, he violated orders of Confederate General Bragg to not cross north of the Ohio River) raid through Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. Union cavalry commanded by General Edward Hobson doggedly pursued Morgan but could barely keep up. 

     There were only days - even hours, at times - to counter this raid. Raiders entered Ohio near Cincinnati on July 13. Days later they were racing across the state headed to the Marietta area for an escape across the Ohio River. Defending was a challenge: all able-bodied defenders were already enlisted and fighting elsewhere, such as at Gettysburg 10 days before. The militia, or "home guard," included mostly untrained old men and very young men. The women had a role, too, as we'll see.

CLICK TO ENLARGE Camp Putnam (aka Camp Marietta) May, 1861, from mariettacastle.org

     Camp Marietta became the epicenter of military planning, under the command of Colonel William Rufus Putnam Jr., grandson of Marietta founder Rufus Putnam. 

     July 12: Governor David Tod called out the militia in southern Ohio counties. Most reported to Camp Putnam (also called "Camp Marietta"), then a sprawling complex at the fairgrounds in Marietta. 

     July 14: Putnam reported 175 men in camp. By the 18th, there would be 12,000 men deployed from the Camp.

     July 15: Union Army officer Lieutenant Conine refuses to accept orders from Putnam, who was an Ohio militia officer, not regular Army. Putnam asks Gov. Tod to intervene. He also requests authority to "press" horses (take horses from citizens) for use by the hundreds of cavalry volunteers arriving. Estimates are that 25,000 horses were used by Morgan and defenders during the raid. One reason: horses taken from citizens were often not conditioned to military duty and would last only a few miles.

     July 16: 3,218 men at Camp Marietta. Putnam asks Gov. Tod to authorize Captain Wood, a Union Army officer, to lead a detachment. "He declines unless thus ordered." Units under Wood's command played an important role.

     July 17: Putnam to Tod: "I have sent about 400 infantry and 50 mounted scouts to check Morgans at fords below." He also pleads for arms, "Thousands of men are here impatiently waiting to be armed..." 

     July 18: Putnam reports to General Burnside in Cincinnati that he has deployed 250 men to guard the ford at Buffington island, 250 to guard boats at Mason City (opposite Pomeroy), and 750 men to Chillicothe.

     Morgan's forces were then bearing down on Buffington Island, intending to escape across the Ohio River. Union Cavalry were close behind. Militia defenders were in place; the crossing was fortified. Thousands of volunteers were working to block roads, guard fords, and remove all boats that Morgan could use. 

     Historian S. J. Hathaway: "...while many volunteers had no arms, they could all get axes, shovels, picks and tin cups (for food and drink).  Hence they were called the 'tin cup militia.'" Other citizens willingly supplied equipment, horses, and food. 

     About the food: with no time to set up military supply lines, women from every farm and village in Indiana and Ohio fed the defenders. A popular staple was fried chicken, often passed directly to men in the field. They quenched their thirst with “Sometimes water, sometimes milk; Sometimes applejack, fine as silk," words from a wartime song celebrating camaraderie in a common cause. One unnamed veteran officer observed gratefully, "Gunboats, steamboats, ferryboats, cavalry, infantry, artillery, all joined in pursuit (of Morgan), but none were more helpful than the women with their rations of fried chicken."

     Capt. D. L. Wood reported from Buffington Island: “On July 18th I made a line of entrenchments covering the approach to the ford (and) sent out cavalry scouts….”  Wood’s men had also discovered the steamboat STARLIGHT at Buffington hard aground. The Rebellion Record: “they immediately unloaded the vessel, raised steam, crewed the boat themselves…,” and moved it away from Morgan’s forces. Historian Hathaway concluded that Captain Wood’s actions at Buffington helped prevent Morgan from crossing on the night of the 18th, thus allowing Union soldiers and militia to surround him on the 19th.

      Defenders succeeded. Morgan ‘s second-in-command Basil Duke: “…the militia impeded our progress in every conceivable way.” Morgan’s raiders were stopped at Buffington Island. Almost. Morgan and a thousand raiders evaded capture. Now Marietta was now in the cross hairs as a likely upriver crossing point for Morgan’s remnant.  

CLICK TO ENLARGE

Harmar Bridge over Muskingum ca 1860, then a covered bridge, from flickr.com "Christopher Busta-Peck, courtesy Hidden Marietta," It was fortified during Morgan's Raid.

     Volunteers doubled their efforts. The tin cup militia blocked every river crossing and road in the area. Men under William P. Cutler obstructed roads between the Marietta and Cincinnati rail line and the Ohio River. Cutler: "We accomplished the objective in a thorough manner." 

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Ehpraim Cutler’s “Old Stone House” occupied during the raid by his son William P. Cutler and family. River road and Ohio River are visible on the right edge of painting. 

 

     Cutler’s own farm near near Constitution was occupied by hundreds of militia to guard nearby Bailey’s Ford. That ford and others had been scouted out a few days earlier by Morgan's men. One was seen near Cutler's farm - identified later as a Confederate soldier - riding nonchalantly at dusk along the river road.

 

     Guards were posted at the Harmar Bridge, and bales of hay were placed to block access. Locals later joked about the hay, saying how nice it was that defenders left so much feed for Morgan’s horses. They also pointed out that the Muskingum River was low enough at the time to wade across even if the bridge was blocked. Three companies under John Newton were sent up the Muskingum River to remove all boats, and three more under Capt. Levi Barber blocked roads between Coolville and Little Hocking River.

     The tin cup militia, area women, and the leadership of Col. William Rufus Putnam “got ‘er done.” Morgan was diverted, damage in the area was avoided, and soon he was captured. Hathaway: “There are few men that could have handled so large a body of men so well, under such circumstances, as Colonel Putnam did…”

Marietta History in One Picture

      Read all about it here, on a single, easy-to-read page - a map full of history facts and features of our "City Beautiful." The web link suggests the map image may have been a postcard. I found this by accident; sometimes history research works that way.

  CLICK TO ENLARGE. 

                 Image from https://www.richard-bence.com/blog/2020/6/6/postcard-from-marietta

Here are some of the facts, factoids, and promotional messages you'll see. Touch or click for a larger image and enlarge to for more detail. See if you can find these notices on the map:

- "Here landed Louis Phillips 1798, Marquis de Lafayette 1825, and Charles Dickens 1842, You will be just as welcome." Note: Dickens' “visit”, possibly when his steamboat stopped here for supplies, has not been documented.

- Marietta is "Now a modern city - delightful to visit - and better yet to live in."

- What date was this map published?

- "There are no one way streets in Marietta," -  apparently true at the time this map was published.

- "Aaron Burr's boats (1805) for Louisiana Conquest built 5 miles up River."

- "Norwood home of many of Marietta's Interesting Industries." There were many over the years, including Remington Rand, Acme Brick, Rich Loaf Bakery, Crescent Supply, Richardson Printing, Broughton Dairy, Pattin Manufacturing, Vanguard Paint, American Cyanamid, and others - employing nearly 1,000. Of those, only Vanguard Paint survives today, along with facilities added in Marietta Industrial Park.

-  "Municipal Bathing Beach" - where was it?

- Which buildings are listed as having public rest rooms?

- "Site of first brick house built by Gen. Joseph Buell" is shown at Greene and Second Street where tire shop is now. I was unaware of that.

- "Almost all the factory grindstones used in America are mined or milled in our near Marietta." Did you know that?

- “A day in such serene enjoyment spent were worth an age of splendid discontent” – Not sure who said this; its an apparent reference to living in Marietta.

Bottom of map notes: "Data by Mrs. D. H. Buell" and "Cartography by Sewah Studios."

Have guests visiting the area and history is not your thing? Keep a photo of this map on your phone or print it for an instant history tour. You’ll impress the visitors.

Underground Railroad Map

This is an Underground Railroad map of Washington County, Ohio, from historian Henry Burke.  https://henryburke1010.tripod.com/id14.html

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Marietta at President Trump’s Inaugural

    There was a guy from Marietta in the Capitol Rotunda at President Trump's inaugural. You did not hear or see him in the mainstream or social media. He did not speak, but was likely listening and watching. Who was this man? Rufus Putnam, our founder. He stands watch over the proceedings in the Capitol Rotunda, along with other Revolutionary War patriots, in the  painting by John Trumbull "Surrender of General Burgoyne." Putnam is immediately to the right of the man in white, shown in the close-up photo.

“Surrender of General Burgoyne” at the Battle of Saratoga by 

John Trumbull viewed. CLICK TO ENLARGE

Close up showing Rufus Putnam

Trumbull painting in the background; President Trump speaks at bottom of photo (cropped) 

by Andrew Narvik/Pool/Reuters. CLICK TO ENLARGE

     Rufus Putnam is considered the founder of Marietta in 1788. He had a humble beginning in Massachusetts and was self-educated; his stepfather refused to let him attend school. By the time he was 20 years old, Putnam had mastered the skills of farm management, millwright, surveyor, and military engineer – the latter learned from four tours of duty in the French and Indian War. Putnam also served the full length of the Revolutionary War.

     After that, Rufus Putnam lived a comfortable life in Rutland, Massachusetts but was inspired by the opportunity for a new life in the Ohio Country. The creation of the Northwest Territory in 1787 paved the way for western U. S. expansion. Putnam was a prime mover in the purchase of land in southeast Ohio and establishment of the territory’s first settlement at Marietta in 1788. Putnam not only helped organize this new town, he moved his family from “civilized” New England to the rough conditions on the new frontier. He lived the rest of his life in Marietta, serving in many leadership roles.

   Rufus Putnam was an exceptional man. But one attribute stands out to me: his dedication to serving his country and supporting veterans. Rufus not only served in the French and Indian War but for the duration of the Revolutionary War. Historian Samuel Hildreth: “He buckled on his sword when the strife began, and he did not lay it down till liberty was secure and peace again smiled upon the land” - nearly six years later.

   He was a tireless advocate for veterans, donating countless hours and lengthy travel to make sure that veterans got what was due them. In March, 1779, Putnam made great "exertion to prevent a mutiny from breaking out in the Massachusetts line..." From January to April of 1780 he was on leave from the army to "solicit… relief for the Massachusetts line of the Continental Army and for prisoners of war on Long Island." Putnam co-authored a 1783 petition of Revolutionary War officers to Congress asking that land grants promised to soldiers be awarded on land in today’s Ohio. And Rufus Putnam made it possible for veterans to redeem their land grants awarded for military service to obtain land – and a new life - in the Marietta area.

     It is fitting that Putnam and other patriots are represented the United States Capitol rotunda. Mariettans should be proud to see him there.

W.H. Styer Druggist

     Mariettan Ross Thomas showed me an old apothecary bottle and said, "See what you can find out about it." The quart-size glass bottle has a cork and a label: "Wm H. Styer, Prescription Druggist, 240 Front Street, Marietta, Ohio."  The label included space for the name of doctor and prescription number.

Photo of Styer bottle by author. CLICK TO ENLARGE

     Collecting old bottles is popular. There is a Federation of Historical Bottle Collectors, one of many organizations of collectors. Just so you know, their national convention this year is in Reno NV.

   This bottle has a story to tell. I found another W. H. Styer bottle for sale (shown below) at worthpoint.com. It is smaller but with a beautiful inscription and monogram. I was impressed that a small-town local business would have such distinctive glassware.

               3 1/2 inch bottle “W. H Styer, the Leading Druggist” from Worthpoint.com. 

CLICK TO ENLARGE

     William H. Styer was a druggist, entrepreneur, and business leader. An excerpt from the 1900 Century Review of Marietta, Ohio: "Styer commenced laboratory work in 1865, clerked in a drug store for several years and in 1881 opened a store at his present quarters 240 Front St…Mr. Styer started a branch store at 124 Putnam st. in 1888, which he still controls. He carries a large line of drugs, medicines, paints and sundries, in fact the full line kept by druggists generally excepting wallpaper. He is a vice president of The Dime Saving Society and Stevens Organ and Piano Company."

       W. H. Styer Drugstore at 240 Front St. CA 1900 copied from Century Review Marietta, Ohio

     Drugstores were a mainstay of retail business and healthcare from the late 1800s to today. A 1903 directory listed ten drugstores: Curtis & Hutchman, A. J. Richard, W. H. Styer, H. N. Curtis, Beagle & Lytle, Union Drug Co., Chas. R. Buchanan, Will Richardson and J. L. Mason. 

     Drugstores filled prescriptions and sold over-the-counter supplements, remedies, and cure-alls for every possible ailment. Some medicines were legitimate; many were not. There was no Food and Drug Administration to monitor contents and no Federal Trade Commission to prevent outlandish claims.

     You could buy many other convenience store-type items, even home improvement goods like paint and wallpaper. Starting in the early 1900s many drug stores added soda fountain counters which dispensed flavored carbonated drinks and milkshakes. No mention of that for Styer, though he opened a "branch" store on Putnam Street which may have had one.

     Ads for drugstores, often a dozen or more in a single edition, were common in newspaper editions. Some examples from late 1800s and early 1900s in the Marietta Register newspaper:

• Beagle and Lyle's Drug Store sold Halstead's Pepsin-Fruit syrup for babies to "regulate their bowels." 
• Dr. Bull's cough syrup would cure pleurisy and pneumonia. 
• Celery King was advertised for constipation and much more. 
• Multiple drug stores advertised a sale for dozens of remedies: "The Greatest Patent Medicine Sale in the History of Man." 
• W.H. Styer’s Putnam Street Drugstore sold "Styer's Sarsaparila...a blood purifier." 
• J. W. Dysle & Co druggists sold Chamberlain's Cough Remedy and....wallpaper, "the prettiest papers ever brought to the city." 
• Sexine Pills would make you "Strong Again!, New life, strength, and vigor." 
• Curtis and Hutchman in Marietta sold Dr. Mott's Nerverine Pills which offered to restore "failing or lost manhood,” and 
• Dr. Peals Pennyroyal Pills would provide "relief for ladies," presumably from menstrual cramps.

     History can be endlessly fascinating. Every single artifact – such as an antique bottle, person, and building has a story to tell.

       

 

Cliff Crane - Man Overboard!

 This is an abbreviated version for newspaper of an earlier post titled “Man Overboard on the Steamboat Carrie Brooks.” To see the entire article, click here.

     The steamboat CARRIE BROOKS chugged along down the icy Muskingum River one frigid winter day in the 1870's. Engineer Cliff Crane was on duty in the engine room. Near Malta-McConnelsville, Ohio, Crane stepped out on the stern to oil the bearings of the paddlewheel shaft. Spray from the paddlewheel had left a coating of solid ice. He slipped and fell overboard. A potential disaster was unfolding.

     Crane floundered in shock from the freezing water, struggling to stay afloat in his heavy clothing. The CARRIE BROOKS steamed on without slowing, unaware he was overboard. Crane began shouting frantically for help as he struggled toward shore. He wondered who could possibly hear him in the middle of January when farm fields were deserted. Miraculously, James Loughridge heard Crane and found him clinging to willows along the shore.

     Loughridge helped the shivering Crane to his house. Most people would have been relieved to be rescued and in a warm house. But Crane was babbling, panicked that his absence placed the CARRIE BROOKS in danger. Loughridge tried to calm him. Crane asked if there was a horse available. He had to catch up with his boat before it was too late.

Image of CARRIE BROOKS from a postcard. Viewed at https://historical.ha.com/itm/transportation/nautical/real-photo-postcards-nine-ohio-river-steamers-total-9-items-/a/6092-39099.s# CLICK TO ENLARGE

     Danger? Before it was too late? Crane knew his absence was a danger. As the engineer, he played a critical a role. The steamboat pilot steered but relied on the engineer in the engine room below to change speed or direction. Steamboat pilots communicated with the engine room using a system of bells. The on-duty engineer upon hearing a bell, rang back an acknowledgement to the pilot and made the changes requested. But without Crane, there was no one to slow the boat for the stop at Hooksburg, just upriver of Windsor (now Stockport). Imagine the peril of a vehicle cruising at full speed with the accelerator to the floor - and no brakes.

     The CARRIE BROOKS pilot steered around a bend in the icy river towards the dock at Hooksburg. He rang a bell to slow for docking. No answer. What? Anxiously he rang the stopping bell to stop the engines. No answer. For the first time, he realized no one was in the engine room. Heart pounding, he lunged at the pilot wheel, steering the boat out into the river to avoid the dock and yelled for another crew member to slow the boat. The CARRIE BROOKS swung slowly around, barely missing the dock.

     The crew now knew engineer Cliff Crane was missing. The boat turned back upriver to search for him. All eyes scanned the water and shorelines for hours. They found nothing. With heavy hearts, they called off the search and continued down river.

     Meanwhile, Crane was given dry clothes and a horse drawn carriage. The race was on to catch the CARRIE BROOKS at Windsor lock. The CARRIE BROOKS approached the lock. The crew saw the lock tender cranking open the lock chamber. And there was another man standing there. It was Cliff, the missing-and-presumed-dead engineer! The crew were amazed and overjoyed at seeing Cliff Crane whom they had given up for lost. 

Stockport (formerly Windsor) Lock today looking downriver. CARRIE BROOKS would have entered the area between the two walls to continue her trip after finding Cliff Crane.

     Steamboat travel could be hazardous to boats, crew, and passengers. Boiler explosions, mechanical breakdowns, damage from obstructions ("snags") in the river, and collisions were all too common. The CARRIE BROOKS once experienced mechanical failure and was damaged on the Ohio River when she struck a barge.

     But that day on the CARRIE BROOKS, it was a happy ending. Tragedy was averted. There was no damage to the boat. Like the biblical story of the prodigal son, Cliff Crane was "lost but was found."